Fig. 2

Epac1 deficiency decreased bFGF-induced lamellipodia formation. A Representative images of lamellipodia formation in VSMCs. Upper panels: F-actin (red); middle panels: phosphorylated cofilin (p-cofilin, green); lower panels: merged images of F-actin and p-cofilin staining. Arrowheads indicate lamellipodia accompanied by dephosphorylated cofilin. Scale bars, 30 μm. B Quantification of the number of VSMCs with lamellipodia accompanied by dephosphorylated cofilin. Lamellipodia-positive cell rates are presented as the percent of total cell number. n = 353 (control Epac1^+/+-VSMCs), 196 (Epac1^+/+-VSMCs treated with bFGF), 195 (control Epac1^−/−-VSMCs), and 463 (Epac1^−/−-VSMCs treated with bFGF). Data were obtained from more than four independent experiments. **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001. NS indicates not significant