Fig. 1

Different effects of the anesthetized (using isoflurane) and unanesthetized states on autonomic nervous function. a Effect of atropine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on heart rate (HR). b Effects of phentolamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on HR and systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP). c Differences in SBP variability (SBPV; 10-min recording data) at baseline (bl). Anesthetized state, n = 5; unanesthetized state, n = 5. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 when compared with bl (paired t test); †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01 and †††p < 0.001 compared with the unanesthetized and anesthetized states (paired t test). PSD power spectrum density, LF low frequency component, MF middle frequency component, HF high frequency component. All abbreviations in subsequent figures are the same as in this figure