Fig. 3

Analysis of the initial wave and later oscillatory phase of caffeine-assisted oscillation, focusing on NMDA receptors. A field potential recording method was applied. A A glass micropipette for field potential recording and an electrode for stimulation are shown in a brain slice illustration. Field potentials were recorded from layer II/III, and electrical stimulation was delivered to layer IV in the OSC. B Waveforms obtained by field potential recording. Stable oscillation was generated in the caffeine-containing medium (top). Application of d-AP5 blocked the oscillatory phase, but not the initial phase (middle). After washout of d-AP5, the oscillatory phase reappeared (bottom). C Averages of wavelet number before and during d-AP5 application to caffeine-containing medium, and after washout of d-AP5. D Areal integrated values of the initial wave before and after application of d-AP5. Representative waveforms before and during d-AP5 application are superimposed and shown in the graph. Note that application of d-AP5 has little effect on the initial wave. Asterisks (*P < 0.005; **P < 0.001) indicate significant statistical differences