Table 2 Different effects of neurotransmitters on satiety mechanisms and outcome

α-MSH

Catabolic pathways are triggered, resulting in hypophagia, thermogenesis, and weight loss [16]

Dopamine

Ghrelin stimulates ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons and food intake whereas leptin and insulin inhibit them (low food intake) [65]

GABA

Low GABA resistance to obesity brought on by a high-fat diet [69]

Serotonin

Engaged in controlling energy homeostasis through changes in eating behavior [71]

Oxytocin

An inhibition of food intake, an increase in energy expenditure, and weight loss [75]