Table 1 Main mechanisms by which microbiota affect satiety control

Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum

Decrease food intake and hypothalamic inflammation [50]

Akkermansia muciniphila

Enhance gut peptide release though increasing acyl-glycerols in the gut [46]

Gram-negative bacteria

Produce LPS which can reduce hypothalamic inflammation and body weight [52]

Proteus mirabilis

Decrease vagal afferent neuron (VAN) survival [53]