Fig. 1

An example time series obtained from a rat with chronic myocardial infarction. Carotid sinus pressure (CSP), sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR), renal blood flow (RBF), central venous pressure (CVP), and urine flow (UF) during stepwise input sequences (S1–S8) are shown. The UF was derived from the time derivative of the urine volume signal. The CSP plot shows the 10-Hz resampled signal. Shown are 10-Hz resampled (pale green) and 2-s moving averaged (dark green) signals in the SNA plot, as well as 100-Hz resampled (pale red) and 2-s moving averaged (red) signals in the AP plot. The HR, RBF, CVP, and UF plots show 2-s moving averaged signals. Data were divided into baseline (BL), and the first (T1), second (T2), and third (T3) periods after empagliflozin administration. The acute vertical changes in the UF plot are artifacts due to manual urine removals from the balance dish. The empagliflozin solution was administered 1 min after S2 completion (downward allow)