Fig. 3

The top panels illustrate the averaged normalized urine flow (nUF) during baseline (BL), T1, T2, and T3 periods obtained in the vehicle (a) and empagliflozin (b) groups. The middle panels illustrate the urine glucose concentration during BL, T1, T2, and T3 periods obtained in the vehicle (c) and empagliflozin (d) groups. The bottom panels illustrate the urine glucose excretion during BL, T1, T2, and T3 periods obtained in the vehicle (e) and empagliflozin (f) groups. Data are presented as mean ± SE values with data points of the respective rats (n = 7 rats each). In panels c, e, the insets indicate the enlarged ordinates. In each panel, the P value of the repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is shown in the parenthesis. The value is italicized when P < 0.05. Symbols * and *** indicate P < 0.05 and P < 0.001 from BL by the post hoc Dunnett’s test