Fig. 2
a An example time series obtained from a Goto–Kakizaki rat in the empagliflozin group. Carotid sinus pressure (CSP), sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR), and urine volume (UV) during stepwise input sequences (S1–S8) are shown. In the CSP, HR, and UV plots, the data illustrate 10-Hz resampled signals. In the SNA plot, 10-Hz resampled (green) and 2-s moving averaged (yellow) signals are shown. In the AP plot, 100-Hz resampled (pale red) and 2-s moving averaged (red) signals are shown. In the UV plot, sharp reductions with vertical artifacts indicate manual urine removals. The data were divided into baseline (BL), T1, T2, and T3 periods of two input sequences each. Empagliflozin (10 mg kg−1) was administered one minute after the completion of S2. b–e Pooled data showing the total reflex arc, HR control, neural arc, and peripheral arc. The black lines with open circles represent the data obtained during BL. The red lines with filled circles represent the data obtained during T3. The data points represent mean ± SE values (n = 7 rats). f Baroreflex equilibrium diagrams derived from fitted neural and peripheral arcs. The black open circle and the red filled circle indicate the operating points during BL and T3, respectively. The leftward arrowheads indicate the AP values at the operating points. The downward arrowheads indicate the SNA values at the operating points