Fig. 5

Representative modes of cross frequency interactions. Consider a slow oscillator (a) that interacts with a fast oscillator (b). In c, the power of the fast oscillation is modulated by the phase of the slow oscillation. This mode of interaction can be observed between the phase of respiration (slow oscillation) and the power of the gamma-band (40–150 Hz) oscillations during attention to breathing [151], and between the phase of respiration and the power of alpha-band (8–13 Hz) oscillations during a near-threshold spatial detection task [147]. In d, the frequency of the fast oscillation is modulated by the phase of the slow oscillation