Table 1 Effect of phenolic compounds supplementation on oxidative stress induced by severe exercise training in humans and exercise performance
Study, year | Participant characteristics | Polyphenols supplement | Exercise protocol | Results | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morillas-Ruiz et al., 2006 [40] | Sixty moderate training cyclists: PC-treated n = 30, placebo-treated n = 30 sportsmen | Beverage containing black grapes (81 g/L), raspberry (93 g/L), red currant (39 g/L) consumed before exercise | Submaximal 90 min aerobic exercise on bicycle ergometer at 70% VO2max | No significant changes in plasma TAS and LDL levels in both groups after exercise or supplementation. Lower increases of CK and TBARS in the supplemented group vs the control group. Decreased level of CO groups in PC treated group | Supplementation with PC may protect against exercise-induced OS |
Physical education students (n = 14) | Three capsules of 390 mg/day red grape skin extract (188 mg/g polyphenols plus 35 mg/g of anthocyanidins) three times/day for 6 weeks | Moderate-to-high intensity interval type swimming test (six repeats of 50 m) | Reduction of CK activity, increased GSH, uric acid, TAS in plasma, and swimming performance. Nonsignificant changes in levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GR) | Supplementation with red grapes skin in sport training enhanced the hemodynamic status and performance and exerted only a minor effect on activity of antioxidant defense system | |
Clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, n = 80 sedentary women aged 45–70 years (n = 40 receiving PC, n = 40 receiving placebo) divided into groups: Training + PC (n = 15); PC intake only (n = 20); training + placebo (n = 18); placebo intake (n = 18) | 100 mg/day of soy isoflavone standardized extract twice per day for 9 months | Resistance dynamic exercise through 60 min, starting from lighter load at 40–50% of 1-RM, ending at 60–80% of 1RM (15 and 8–12 repetitions, respectively) | Significantly increased muscle strength (35.2%) and muscle mass (1.4%), decreased body fat in training groups. Isoflavones intake was without effect on body composition and muscle strength | Increased levels of antioxidants (daidzein, genistein) in the supplemented groups vs the placebo groups. A lack a synergy between resistance training and isoflavone intake in enhanced muscle strength | |
Trained male rowers (n = 22) aged 20.4 ± 1.1 years, PC-treated group n = 10, control group n = 12 | One capsule of Panace-Vid 2000®/day (188 mg/g PC: Catechin, gallic acid, quercetin, resveratrol, 35 mg/g of anthocyanins) for 6 weeks | Repeated cycle sprint test on rowing ergometer varying, from 40 to 90% of VO2max | Significantly increased plasma TAC, decreased levels of GPx and lipid peroxidation products | Grapes PC enhanced the endogenous antioxidant defense | |
Allgrove et al., 2011 [144] | Randomized counter balanced crossover study of physically active men (n = 20) | Dark chocolate containing 54 mg of catechin and 44 mg of flavanols supplemented twice daily and once intake 2 h before exercise, for 2 weeks | Cycling for 90 min with varying VO2max from 60 to 90% for 30 s every 10 min, followed by this activity to exhaustion at 90% VO2max | Lowered levels of blood F2-isoprestanes at exhaustion and after 1 h of recovery, oxidized LDL before and after exercise; elevated levels of FFA in supplemented group. No significant effect of the antioxidant on IL-6, IL-10, IL-1Ra, glucose, glucagon, insulin, and cortisol levels and time to exhaustion | Supplementation with dark chocolate reduces some OS markers and increases free fatty acids mobilization after exercise |
Jówko et al., 2011 [146] | A double blind, randomized placebo crossover study, male sprinters (n = 16) aged 21.6 ± 1.5 years PC-treated (n = 8), placebo-treated (n = 8), and vice versa | Green tea extract (980 mg of PCs) intake for 4 weeks | Repeated cycle sprint test on cycle ergometer (4 × 15 s with 1-min rest intervals), 4 weeks of strength training | Induction of increased levels of MDA, TAC and SOD in the placebo group and increases in uric acid, albumin, and CK in both groups, after exercise. Increased resting TAC level and decreased MDA and SQ levels in the supplemented group after exercise. A lack of effect on sprinters physical performance | Supplementation with green tea extract protects against OS, but does not enhance efficiency of the antioxidant enzyme systems and sprinters performance |
Davison et al., 2012 [145] | Randomized counter balanced study, healthy men (n = 14) aged 22 ± 1 years | Dark chocolate (70% of cocoa) intake 2 h before exercise | Cycling at 53 ± 1.9 VO2max for approximately 2.5 h, exercise bouts (n = 5) separated by once week | DC increased pre-exercise plasma insulin and TAC, decreased disturbance of glucose level, and reduced slightly plasma F2-isoprostane level induced after prolonged exercise. There was limited effect of DC intake on immunoendocrine system, IL-6 cytokine, total leucocytes number, and neutrophil functions | Consumption of dark chocolate may influence the insulin, TAS, glucose levels and OS responses to prolonged exercise, but exerts minimal effect on immune-endocrine system |
Jówko et al., 2012 [148] | Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of 16 soccer players aged 22.9 ± 5.5 years. PC-treated (n = 8), placebo-treated (n = 8) | 640 g of green tea (500 mg of catechins, 352 mg of EGCG) or placebo administered 2 h after breakfast | Muscle-endurance test: Three sets of two strength exercises (bench, press, back, squat) performed to exhaustion with load of 60% 1-RM | Significantly increased levels of TBARS, uric acid, TAS, CK and total catechins after exercise in both groups | Supplementation with green tea PC was without effect on the OS generated by muscle-endurance test |
Voduc et al., 2014 [140] | A randomized placebo-controlled double blind crossover study, 13 healthy sedentary adults (six men, seven women) aged 18–65 years | Resveratrol treatment for two 4-week periods with 2-week break: 500 mg/day in the first week and 1000 mg/day in the remaining 3 weeks | Cycling at 75% VO2max (four sessions) on cycle ergometer, using 20 W increments every 2 min | A small reduction in fasting glucose level, no significant changes in blood inflammatory markers and exercise capacity. High-dose resveratrol intake was followed by gastro-intestinal mild side effects | Short duration intake of resveratrol by non-obese healthy subjects was without effect on exercise-induced OS and physical performance |
Jówko et al., 2015 [147] | Randomized double-blind study, 16 sprinters aged 21.6 ± 1.5 years | Green tea extract (980 mg of PCs/day) or placebo treatment for 4 weeks | Two-repeated cycle sprint tests on a cycle ergometer with submaximal load to 130–150 heart beats/min | Increased blood MDA, TAC, and SOD in the placebo group and CK activity in both tested group after exercise. Intake of PC increased TAC levels at rest and decreased SOD and MDA after exercise | Treating with PC prevents against exercise induced OS but the prevention against oxidative damage of muscle induced by exercise and an improvement in sprint performance were not noted |
Toscano et al., 2015 [138] | Recreational active runners of both sex (n = 28) aged 39.8 ± 8.5 years, grape group n = 15, control group n = 13 | Grape juice 10 mL/kg/day containing 1.82 g/L of total PC (52.28 mg/L monomeric anthocyanins) prior and after training for 28 days | Three exercise tests: a time-to-exhaustion, anaerobic threshold, and aerobic exercise | Increased blood TAC, decreased AGP and extended time to exhaustion running. Treating with PC did not exert effect on CK activity, LDL and CRP levels, and the immune system response | Supplementation with PC improves antioxidant status, may reduce inflammatory markers, and increases physical performance |
Cases et al., 2017 [150] | A randomized double-blind crossover recreational active athletes (n = 20 men) aged 22.2 ± 2.2 | Two 500 mg capsules of PerfLoad® containing 290 mg of PC and 120 mg of caffeine supplemented 60 min before exercise | The Wingate test (4 × 30-s bouts of cycling on a cycle ergometer) | Significant increases of SOD, GPx and CAT, stabilization of plasma levels of LDH and redox homeostasis. Elevated total maximal peak power output an average power in PC-treated group without much fatigue | Supplementation with PC strengthens the endogenous antioxidant status, decreases exercise-induced stress, and improves physical performance |
Giolo et al., 2018 [143] | Double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial, 32 healthy non-obese postmenopausal women aged 50–70 years, exercising + placebo (n = 15), exercising + PC treatment (n = 17) | 100 mg of isoflavones/day from soya bean (daidzein, 93.5 mg: genistein, 3.3 mg; glycitein, 3.2 mg) for 10 weeks | Combined aerobic exercise (20 min) and resistance exercise (20 min) during one session (50 min) on a treadmill at 85% HRmax for 10 weeks (30 sessions) | No significant difference between the both groups in levels of the blood inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70), TNF-α, OS markers (TAC, SOD, TBARS). Exercise induced increased IL-8 levels correlated with reduction of total cholesterol in both groups | PC intake after exercise showed no anti-inflammatory and OS reductive actions and was without effect on plasma lipid profile. Isoflavone treatment had no additional beneficial effect on exercises-mediated responses |
de Lima Tavares Toscano et al., 2020 [137] | A randomized, crossover, double-blind study of healthy male runners (n = 14) aged 39 ± 9 years involved in the experimental and control group | 3106.6 mg/L PC from grape containing flavanols, flavonols, phenolic acid, and stilbenes. A single dose of 10 mL/kg/day before the run (for 28 days) | Two running tests to exhaustion (80% VO2max, 3.2 km). VO2max = 55.9 ± 6.5 mL/kg/min for 68.4 ± 29.7 min in the supplemented group and 59.2 ± 27.2 min in the placebo group | Significantly increased TAC (43.6%) after exercise in the supplemented group vs the basal level. No significant changes in levels of the blood inflammatory markers (MDA, CK, hs-CRP, AGP, LDH) in both tested groups | Grape juice ingestion increased antioxidant status and physical performance by increasing run time to exhaustion |
Zhang et al., 2020 [149] | Double-blinded randomized controlled study. 11 male and 13 female non-obese subjects | 20.6 mg/day avenanthramides from oat cookies consumption (206 mg/kg) for 8 weeks | Downhill running on treadmill at 75% of HRmax (four bouts of running with 15 min each at -10% grade separated by 5-min rest) | Significantly reduced the blood levels of CK, neutrophil respiratory burst, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-6 and IL-1Ra rest | PC ingestion reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, decreased expression of cell adhesion molecules, and protected against muscular exertion |