Fig. 2

Effects of tolfenamic acid on spatial memory deficits in malonic acid-injected rats. MA group rats exhibited a longer swimming time (A) and swimming distance (B) to reach the platform during the training period in the Morris water maze test. MA group rats showed a decrease in the swimming time (C), swimming distance (D) and number of times crossing the platform (E) in the target quadrant in the probe test. These effects were reversed by tolfenamic acid. No significant differences in swim speed were observed among all groups (F). The results are expressed as the means ± SEMs. n = 10; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 vs. sham; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. MA