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Table 1 Biochemical parameters in different experimental groups

From: Swimming training and Plantago psyllium ameliorate cognitive impairment and glucose tolerance in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats

Variables

Con

D

D + Ps

D + Tr

D + Ps + Tr

Weight (g)

420 ± 14

348 ± 23b

401 ± 34a,b

352 ± 25b

358 ± 15b

Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

105.2 ± 9.7

290 ± 18.7b

222 ± 12.6a,b,c

189.3 ± 13.3a,b

180.4 ± 19.2a,b

TG (mg/dl)

101.2 ± 13.7

206.8 ± 29.3b

185.2 ± 16.3a,b,c

136.3 ± 16.3a,b

134.4 ± 18.2a,b

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

154.2 ± 11.6

241.8 ± 29.3b

198.6 ± 12.3a,b,c

177.3 ± 12.4a,b,c

163.3 ± 13.7a

HDL (mg/dl)

37.5 ± 5.8

22.4 ± 4.3b

23.3 ± 4.6b,c

27.3 ± 3.3b

30.6 ± 4.1a,b

LDL (mg/dl)

33.6 ± 3.6

53.2 ± 4.1b

49.3 ± 3.7b,c

45.6 ± 4.2a,b,c

37.9 ± 5.6a

VLDL (mg/dl)

30.1 ± 4.3

48.4 ± 3.1b

45.2 ± 2.9b

40.3 ± 5.2a,b

33.8 ± 5.6a

Atherogenic index

0.43 ± 0.08

0.96 ± 0.08b

90 ± 0.05b

70 ± 0.03a,b

65 ± 0.07a,b

  1. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. aSignificant difference compared to the diabetic rats (p ≤ 0.05), bsignificant difference compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05), and csignificant difference compared to the diabetic group subjected to swimming training and receiving P. psyllium (D + Ps + Tr group) (p ≤ 0.05)