Fig. 4

Impact of the ratio of delayed compartment on simulated ventricular dysfunction due to activation delay. Tiled heat maps display the relative change in simulated cardiac output (a) and ventricular contractility (Ees) (b) with respect to each baseline value (ΔT = 0) in response to an activation delay (ΔT, ms) and the ratio of the delayed compartment (%). When the delayed compartment constitutes approximately 70% of the total volume, large activation delay can induce large reduction of cardiac output and ventricular contractility