Fig. 6
Interactions between trigeminally mediated parasympathetic vasodilation and sympathetic vasoconstriction in the regulation of the hemodynamics and Tm in the orofacial area. a Typical examples of the changes in BF, VC, and Tm in the lower lip on the left side, and SABP evoked by left CST stimulation (CST stim.) alone (2 min, 10 V, 5 Hz, 2-ms; control) and in combination with left LN stimulation (20 s, 20 V, 20 Hz, 2-ms). Changes (∆) in the parameters were assessed by calculating the sum of the maximum ( +) and minimum (−) values from the baseline in the responses. b Mean data ± SEM of ∆BF, ∆VC, and ∆Tm in the lower lip (black bars) evoked by left CST stimulation alone (control) and in combination with LN stimulation (CST + LN stim.; n = 6 in each group). Statistical significance of the differences from control was assessed by paired Student’s t test. *P < 0.001 vs. control