Fig. 13

Simulation of different modes of contractions in the TP + M model with the same protocol as applied to rat single cardiac myocytes [66]. According to this protocol, one low-loaded shortening follows one isometric force generation for 90%L_max initial length with the pacing rate of 1 Hz. Stimulation moments are labeled on the time axes. a The steady-state signals for developed force (as compared to the peak isometric force F_isom). b The steady-state signals for sample length. c Ca²⁺ transients for the last isometric twitch (dashed line) and low-loaded shortening (dotted line) are superimposed