Fig. 4

a, b Effect of excitatory (a, b) or inhibitory (c, d) photostimulation of the CAMK2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nucleus complex (VNC) on the arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in conscious rats. The duration was 10 ms (a, c) or 1 s (b, d). e–g Summarized data of change in AP (e), HR (f), and RSNA (g) induced by excitatory (ChR2) or inhibitory (eArchT) photostimulation of the CAMK2-expressing neurons in the VNC in conscious rats. For their control, the blue laser (473 nm) was applied to the rats into which the control vector (AAV-CAMK2-mCherry) was injected. The frequency of the photostimulation was varied from 1 to 40 Hz. In this case, the duration of each pulse was 10 ms. The frequency “Hold” means the photostimulation with the duration of 1 s. A two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was applied; F(12, 126) = 15.71, P < 0.0001 (e), F(12, 126) = 10.66, P < 0.0001 (f) and F(12, 126) = 4.174, P < 0.0001 (g). * or ^† vs. Control (mCherry). For all statistical analyses, single or triple significance symbols indicate P < 0.05 or P < 0.001, respectively