Fig. 4
From: Xanthoceraside modulates neurogenesis to ameliorate cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice
Effects of xanthoceraside on proliferation and differentiation of the hippocampus-derived NSCs in vitro. a Identification of neurospheres that were fixed and stained with NSCs marker nestin (red) and then counterstained with DAPI (blue) as the nuclear marker. b Neurosphere growth kinetics in the control, Aβ25–35 (20 μM), and Aβ25–35 (20 μM) combined with the xanthoceraside (0.1 μM)-treated group were studied by phase-contrast photomicrograph. c Bar diagram showing the number and volume of NSCs-derived neurospheres (neurospheres with a diameter ≥30 μm were used for calculating). d Images showing the effect of xanthoceraside on the differentiation potential of NSCs, as assessed by immuno-labeling with a neuronal marker (MAP-2, green) and an astrocyte marker (GFAP, red) and then counterstained with DAPI (blue). e A number of MAP-2-labeled and GFAP-labeled cells were calculated. Scale bar = 20 μm. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). ## p < 0.01 and ### p < 0.001 vs. control; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. Aβ25–35 group