Fig. 3

Effects of xanthoceraside on proliferation and differentiation of NSCs in hippocampal DG and SVZ regions. a Confocal photomicrographs showing BrdU⁺ cells in hippocampal DG and SVZ regions. b, c Bar diagram showing the quantitative analysis of BrdU⁺ cells in hippocampus DG and SVZ regions. Scale bar = 100 μm. d, e Images and quantitative analysis of DCX⁺ cells in hippocampal DG region. Scale bar = 20 μm. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 and ^### p < 0.001 vs. control; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. model