Fig. 1

Effects of xanthoceraside on learning and memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. a Chemical structure of xanthoceraside. b The pathway traveled by the mice during the open field test. c, d Total number of arm entries and spontaneous alternation behavior (%) in the Y-maze test. e, f Total exploration time and preferential index at 1 and 24 h during the testing phase. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 11–12). ^## p < 0.01 and ^### p < 0.001 vs. control; **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs. model