Fig. 9

Effects of β-AR stimulation on Akt and GSK3β activity. a ISO-induced Akt phosphorylation at Thr³⁰⁸. The increase in Akt phosphorylation after stimulation by ISO for 2 min EXP1 and 30 min EXP2. The experimental data were obtained from Yano et al.’s study [67] for H9c2 cardiomyocytes (EXP1) and from Zhang et al.’s study [68] for mouse cardiac cells (EXP 2). The experimental data represent mean ± SE from three (EXP1) and six (EXP2) individual experiments. b ISO-induced Akt-pp kinase activity. The experimental data were obtained from Morisco et al. study [41] for rat cardiac myocytes and represent mean ± SE from four separate experiments. c GSK3β phosphorylation (deactivation) after ISO stimulation through PI3 K/Akt pathway. The experimental data were obtained from Zhang et al.’s study [68] for mouse cardiac cells at 30 min after ISO stimulation. Data are mean ± SE from six individual experiments