Fig. 5

Effects of β-ARs stimulation by isoproterenol on the cellular cAMP level. a The cAMP accumulation in cardiomyocytes after ISO stimulation. The experimental data were obtained from O’Connell et al.’s study [44] for mouse cardiac myocytes and are mean ± SE of three independent experiments. b Effects of β-AR subtype specific-antagonists and PDEs inhibitor, IBMX, (100 µM) on the cellular cAMP level. The experimental data were obtained from Rochais et al.’s study [46] for rat ventricular myocytes after 3 min ISO stimulation and represent mean ± SE of at least eight separate experiments