Table 1 Properties of thermosensitive TRP channels

Heat

TRPV1

>42 °C

Sensory neuron, brain, skin

Capsaicin, proton, capsiate, gingerol, shogaol, allicin, shanshool, camphor, resiniferatoxin, vanillotoxin, 2-APB, propofol, anandamide, arachidonic acid metabolic products (by lipoxygenases), monoacylglycerol, NO, extracellular cation

TRPV2

>52 °C

Sensory neuron, brain, spinal cord, lung, liver, spleen, colon, heart, immunocyte

Probenecid, 2-APB, cannabidiol, mechanical stimulation

Warm

TRPV3

>32 °C

Skin, sensory neuron, brain, spinal cord, stomach, colon

Camphor, carvacrol, menthol, eugenol, thymol, 2-APB

TRPV4

>27–41 °C

Skin, sensory neuron, brain, kidney, lung, inner ear, bladder

4α-PDD, bisandrographolide, citric acid, arachidonic acid metabolic products (by epoxygenases), anandamide, hypoosmolality, mechanical stimulation

TRPM2

>36 °C

Brain, immunocyte, pancreas etc.

(cyclic) ADPribose, β-NAD, H₂O₂, intracellular Ca²⁺

TRPM3

Warm-heat

Brain, sensory neuron, pancreas, eye

Ca²⁺ store depletion, pregnenolone sulfate, nifedipine, clotrimazole

TRPM4

Warm

Heart, liver, immunocyte, pancreas etc.

Intracellular Ca²⁺

TRPM5

Warm

Taste cell, pancreas

Intracellular Ca²⁺

Cold

TRPM8

<27 °C

Sensory neuron

Menthol, icilin, eucalyptol

TRPC5

Cold

Brain, sensory neuron, liver, heart, kidney

G_q/11-coupled receptors, diacylglycerol, Gd³⁺

TRPA1

<17 °C

Sensory neuron, inner cell

Allyl isothiocyanate, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, allicin, dially trisulfide, miogadial, miogatrial, capsiate, acrolein, icilin, tetrahydrocannabinol, menthol (10-100 μM), formalin, H₂O₂, alkalization, intracellular Ca²⁺, NSAIDs, propofol/isoflurane/desflurane/etomidate/octanol/hexanol etc.