Fig. 1

Structure of the iMES. The iMES is defined as a complex of the “unstirred layer” and “nanointerface.” Substances and components that constitute the layers are illustrated. They include ions, structurally unique water molecules, extracellular regions of membrane proteins and their glycans, and secretory glycoproteins. Of note, the nanointerface lies in close vicinity of the membrane surface and possibly has thickness ranging within a nanometer. For the characteristics of the unstirred water layer and nanointerface, see the main text