Fig. 1
Modified from Ishii et al. [7]
Schematic representation of the sites of electrical stimulation and blood flow measurement in rats. a Stimulation site at the peripheral cut end (i) of the adrenal nerve (AN), which is derived from the splanchnic nerve (SPLN). Blood flow was measured at the site of the masseter muscle (ii) and lower lip (iii) using a laser-Doppler flowmeter (LDF). Solid lines: iv Sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting to the adrenal medulla through the AN, v sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers to both the masseter muscle and lower lip from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST). Dashed lines: vi Parasympathetic vasodilator fibers to the masseter muscle and lower lip from the salivatory nuclei (SN), vii trigeminal sensory inputs to the brainstem. LN Lingual nerve, OG otic ganglion, TG trigeminal ganglion, Vsp trigeminal spinal nucleus, V trigeminal nerve root, IX glossopharyngeal nerve root. b Photograph (left) and illustration (right) of the area indicated by the dashed rectangle in a showing the left AN to the adrenal gland in a supine rat. Arrowheads indicate the approximate site at which nerve was electrically stimulated. Scale bar 2 mm