Fig. 3
From: Oscillation of cAMP and Ca2+ in cardiac myocytes: a systems biology approach
Effects of PKA-mediated inhibition of AC. a Graphical notation used in CellDesigner to depict β-AR signaling molecules AC, cAMP, Ca2+, and PKA. PKA-mediated inhibition of AC was incorporated into Cooper’s original model. b Computational oscillation loop of β-AR signaling molecules. cAMP, Ca2+, AC, and PKA formed a stable and spontaneous negative feedback loop. The intracellular concentration of cAMP at baseline (0 min) was taken as 1 (arbitrary units)