Fig. 3

a Typical recordings of arterial pressure (AP), central venous pressure (CVP), aortic flow, and total systemic peripheral resistance in response to rapid infusion (2 mL/kg, 1 mL/s) of 9 % NaCl solution. The arrow indicates the time of infusion. White line in aortic flow indicates mean value. b Changes in total systemic peripheral resistance in response to rapid infusion (2 mL/kg, 1 mL/s) of 9 % NaCl solution. The dashed line indicates the time of infusion. *P < 0.05 versus pre-infusion. c Change in AP induced by the intravenous infusion (i.v.) or intra-aortic infusion (i.a.) of 9 % NaCl solution. *P < 0.05 versus 9 % NaCl i.v