Fig. 4From: Vascular tortuosity: a mathematical modeling perspectiveSine-generated curves for ω = 20 (a), 40 (b), 60 (c) and 90 (d). These curves are rendered in Matlab using numerical integration, assuming a path length (L) of 10 and a step length of 0.1. It is noted that sinuosity (the ratio L/λ) increases with increasing ωBack to article page