Fig. 4

Simulated pressure waveform in the LV and the systemic artery under HF conditions (a), and with the LVAD operating in continuous flow mode (b) or counter-pulsating mode (c). d The LVPP in the ventricles without an LVAD, and with continuous and pulsatile LVADs. LVPP is normalized by LVPP in the ventricles without LVAD support. The time axis indicates the delayed pumping time of the pulsatile LVAD from the beginning of ventricular contraction. AO aorta, Cont continuous LVAD, Pulse pulsatile LVAD