Fig. 5

Summary of the effects of expiratory negative airway pressure (ENAP) on the intra-tracheal pressure (ITP) (a, top left panel); the heart rate (HR), systolic/mean/diastolic aortic blood pressures (SBP/MBP/DBP) and cardiac output (CO) (b, top right three panels); the right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and coronary artery perfusion pressure (CPP) (c, middle four panels); and the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), systemic perfusion pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary perfusion pressure (d, bottom four panels) in the animals with pharmacological adrenergic denervation by phentolamine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) and propranolol (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.). Squares: end-inspiratory (ins); circles: end-expiratory (ex); OFF: without ENAP; and ON: with ENAP. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. ^#p < 0.05 vs. before adrenergic denervation