Fig. 4

Summary of the effects of expiratory negative airway pressure (ENAP) on the intra-tracheal pressure (ITP) (a, top left panel); the heart rate (HR), systolic/mean/diastolic aortic blood pressures (SBP/MBP/DBP) and cardiac output (CO) (b, top right three panels); the right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and coronary artery perfusion pressure (CPP) (c, middle four panels); and the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), systemic perfusion pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary perfusion pressure (d, bottom four panels) in the animals without pharmacological adrenergic denervation. Squares: end-inspiratory (ins); circles: end-expiratory (ex); OFF: without ENAP; and ON: with ENAP. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01