Fig. 3

Effects of ω-CgTx, Ni²⁺ or ω-CgTx plus Ni²⁺ on VGCC currents in unstimulated AVP neurons. a, b Representative records of currents before and after application of N-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker ω-conotoxin GVIA (ω-CgTx 0.5 μM: a) or T-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker Ni²⁺ (3 mM: b) to AVP neurons exposed to normotonic solution containing 50 mM Ba²⁺. Inset panels given below the current traces in a and b represent expanded current responses to step pulses from – 60 to + 70 mV applied at i and ii. c Current–voltage relationships for peak VGCC currents (n = 6–12). *P < 0.05 vs. Control. d Percent currents at − 10 mV (left panel) and + 20 mV (right panel) in the presence of ω-CgTx (n = 6), Ni²⁺ (n = 8), and ω-CgTx plus Ni²⁺ (n = 7) compared to the control currents (Control) in the absent of these blockers. *P < 0.05 vs. Control. e Percent currents at − 10 mV (left panel) and + 20 mV (right panel) in the presence of 5 and 10 μM TTA-P2 (n = 5) compared to the control currents (Control) in the absent of this blocker. *P < 0.05 vs. Control