The ubiquitin–proteasome system in regulation of the skeletal muscle homeostasis and atrophy: from basic science to disorders

Table 1 Ubiquitin ligases related with UPS in skeletal muscles modified from Ref. [82]

Ubiquitin ligases	Target or affected proteins	Refs.
MuRF1 (TRIM63)	Sarcomeric proteins, myosin-binding protein (MYBPC1), troponin 3, telethonin	[83,84,85,86]
MuRF3 (TRIM 54)	Sarcomeric proteins, filamin	[83, 87]
TRIM32	Actin, desmin	[88]
MUSA1	–	[37]
SMART	–	[37, 38]
Nedd4	MTMR4, FGFR1, Notch 1	[89, 90]
TRAF6	Ubc13, K63-linked ubiquitination	[128,129,130]
Cullin adaptors
Atrogin-1/MAFbx	Actin, titin, calsarcin-1, MYHBPC3	[91, 92]
Cbl-b	Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1)	[35, 36]
KLHL40	Filament protein	[95]
KBTBD13	Z-disc proteins	[96]
KLHL41	Nebulin, nebulin-related anchoring protein	[97,98,99]
KLHL20	Autophagy-related protein 13	[100, 101]

MuRF1: muscle RING finger 1; MuRF3: muscle RING finger 3; TRAF6: tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; Cbl-b: Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b; KLHL40: Kelch-like protein 40; KLHL41: Kelch-like protein 41; KLHL20: Kelch-like protein 20

ISSN: 1880-6562