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Fig. 4 | The Journal of Physiological Sciences

Fig. 4

From: Effects of nicotine on regional blood flow in the olfactory bulb in response to olfactory nerve stimulation

Fig. 4

Summary of nicotine effects on olfactory bulb blood flow responses induced by olfactory nerve stimulation. The stimulus frequencies were 2 (a–c), 20 (d–f), and 100 Hz (g–i). a, d, g Peak responses were measured by maximum blood flow changes within 8 s (1st peak) or later (2nd peak) after the onset of stimulation (see upper inset), and expressed as percentages of the corresponding basal values (mean value for 10 s before time zero). b, e, h Durations were measured by time (s) until the increased blood flow returned to the basal values (see upper inset). c, f, i Area under the curve (shaded gray shown in the upper inset) were measured as averaged blood flow values for a 60-s period after the onset of stimulation and expressed as percentages of the corresponding basal values (mean value for 10 s before time zero). Each column and vertical bar represent the mean ± SEM (n = 8). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01: significantly different from the response before nicotine injection as determined using Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs signed-rank test

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