Fig. 1
Modified from Ishii et al. [17]
Schematic representation of the electrical stimulation sites and measurement sites of both local blood flow (BF) and temperature (Tm) in rats. The stimulation sites were as follows: (i) central cut end of the lingual nerve (LN) and (ii) peripheral cut end of the superior cervical sympathetic trunk (CST). Local BF and Tm were measured in the (iii) lower lip (Real image), using laser speckle imaging (LSI) and a thermometer, respectively. The continuous lines indicate a trigeminal sensory inputs to the trigeminal spinal nucleus (Vsp) in the brainstem and b parasympathetic vasodilator fiber to the lower lip from the salivatory nuclei (SN). The dashed lines indicate sympathetic vasoconstrictor fiber to the lower lip from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the superior CST (c). OG otic ganglion, TG trigeminal ganglion, V trigeminal nerve root, VII facial nerve root, IX glossopharyngeal nerve root.