Fig. 9From: Hypergravity-induced plastic alteration of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex involves decrease in responsiveness of CAMK2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nuclear complexa Effect of excitatory photostimulation of CAMK2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nucleus complex (VNC) on the arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) before and during (1st, 3rd, and 5th day) exposure to a hypergravity (2 g) environment in a conscious rat. The duration of the photostimulation is 1 s. b–d Summarized data of the change in AP (b), HR (c), and RSNA (d) induced by excitatory (ChR2) photostimulation of the CAMK2-expressing neurons in the VNC before and during 2 g loading in conscious rats. The duration of the photostimulation is 1 s. A two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was applied; F(7, 21) = 50.8, P < 0.0001 (b), F(7, 21) = 25.52, P = 0.0006 (c) and F(7, 21) = 67.45, P < 0.0001 (d). * vs. Pre-HG, † vs. HG-D1, ‡ vs. HG-D3. For all statistical analyses, single, double, or triple significance symbols indicate P < 0.05, P < 0.01, or P < 0.001, respectivelyBack to article page