Fig. 3

Effects of exercise (EX) and electrical stimulation (ES) on a time-dependent change in walking distance and b plantar blood flow at rest in IAO + 2FAO ischemic rat model (Isch). The blood flow was expressed as the percentage of the ischemic (right) leg to the non-ischemic (left, control) leg in each rat. White circle, Sham; Black circle, Isch; Blue circle, Isch + EX; Red circle, Isch + ES. n = 5 rats per group. Values are presented as mean ± SE and statistical significance was determined using Dunnett’s test at 4 weeks after iliac artery occlusion. ***P < 0.001, vs. Sham group. ^#P < 0.05, ^###P < 0.001, vs. Isch group