Fig. 1

Schematic diagrams of different ischemic models, exercise training, and ES used in this study. a In the iliac artery occlusion (IAO) group, rats were occluded only at the iliac artery and remained occluded for 4 weeks. In IAO + 4FAO group, both IAO and femoral artery occlusion (FAO) were simultaneously performed ipsilaterally, and remained occluded for 4 weeks. In IAO + 2FAO group, FAO was applied ipsilaterally 2 weeks after unilateral IAO. b In IAO + 2FAO model (Isch), both exercise training (EX) and electrical stimulation (ES) were started 3 days after FAO and implemented 5 days per week for 2 consecutive weeks