Effects of astaxanthin supplementation and electrical stimulation on muscle atrophy and decreased oxidative capacity in soleus muscle during hindlimb unloading in rats

Table 1 Body weight and soleus muscle mass

	Initial body weight (g)	Final body weight (g)	Absolute soleus muscle mass (mg)	Relative soleus muscle mass (mg/100 g BW)
Con	427 ± 7	459 ± 7	193 ± 8	42.1 ± 1.5
HU	414 ± 3	404 ± 3*	120 ± 4*	29.6 ± 1.2*
HU + AX	420 ± 4	404 ± 5*	132 ± 3*	32.7 ± 0.5*
HU + ES	424 ± 2	382 ± 7*	139 ± 4*	36.4 ± 1.1*^†
HU + AX + ES	419 ± 4	385 ± 4*	140 ± 3*^†	36.4 ± 0.7*^†

Values indicate mean ± SEM
Con control group, HU hindlimb unloading group, HU + AX hindlimb unloading plus astaxanthin treatment group, HU + ES hindlimb unloading plus electrical stimulation group, HU + AX + ES hindlimb unloading plus astaxanthin treatment with electrical stimulation group, SEM standard error of mean
The symbols * and ^† significant differences from the Con and HU groups, respectively, at p < 0.05

ISSN: 1880-6562