Chronic water insufficiency induced kidney damage and energy dysregulation despite reduced food intake, which improved gut microbiota in female rats

Table 3 Glucose and lipid metabolism

	WAFA	WRFA	WAFR	WR-WA
Serum glucose (mg/dl)	96.3 ± 10.4^a	88.6 ± 8.1^b	93.4 ± 8.4^ab	97.6 ± 8.5^a
Serum insulin (ng/ml)	1.54 ± 0.21	1.46 ± 0.26	1.37 ± 0.22	1.41 ± 0.28
HOMA-IR	5.9 ± 0.7^a	5.2 ± 0.7^ab	5.0 ± 0.6^b	5.5 ± 0.7^ab
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dl)	105 ± 9.8^b	122 ± 13^a	113 ± 12^ab	109 ± 12^b
Serum LDL (mg/dl)	62.9 ± 6.2^b	80.3 ± 8.3^a	67.6 ± 8.8^b	67.5 ± 6.9^b
Serum HDL (mg/dl)	28.6 ± 2.6	27.4 ± 3.4	30.9 ± 3.9	28.2 ± 2.8
Serum TG (mg/dl)	67.7 ± 6.7	71.6 ± 6.4	72.7 ± 8.2	67.5 ± 7.9
Serum AST activity (U/l)	129 ± 14^ab	141 ± 16^a	115 ± 14^b	131 ± 15^ab
Serum ALT levels (U/l)	22.1 ± 4.1^ab	25.2 ± 2.8^a	19.6 ± 3.2^b	22.7 ± 3.6^ab
Liver TG (μg/g tissues)	485 ± 38^b	521 ± 33^a	470 ± 37^b	501 ± 39^ab
Liver glycogen (μg/g tissue)	165 ± 11^b	172 ± 14^b	186 ± 6.4^a	164 ± 16^b

Female rats had the following regime for 6-week ad libitum supply of water and food (normal-control), water supply for 1 h per day with ad libitum food intake (WRFA), and ad libitum water supply plus pair feeding of food as much as WRFA (WAFR). Rats in WR-WA had water restriction for 3 weeks and ad libitum water supply with ad libitum food intake for 3 weeks. Values represent mean ± SD (n = 10)
^{a, b, c}Different letters besides mean ± SD indicate significant differences among the groups at p < 0.05

ISSN: 1880-6562