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Table 1 Water intake and biochemical parameters related water metabolism

From: Chronic water insufficiency induced kidney damage and energy dysregulation despite reduced food intake, which improved gut microbiota in female rats

 

WAFA

WRFA

WAFR

WR-WA

Water intake (ml/day)

30.8 ± 2.2b

11.9 ± 1.0c

38.7 ± 2.3a

11.3 ± 0.9c/31.5 ± 2.5b

Serum aldosterone (pg/ml)

205 ± 28b

255 ± 29a

201 ± 23b

197 ± 25b

Serum vasopressin (ng/ml)

1.04 ± 0.12b

1.43 ± 0.17a

0.98 ± 0.13b

1.03 ± 0.14b

Serum creatinine (mg/dl)

1.91 ± 0.18b

2.82 ± 0.34a

1.84 ± 0.25b

2.04 ± 0.27b

Serum BUN (mg/dl)

18.5 ± 2.4b

26.7 ± 3.1a

17.6 ± 2.0b

19.7 ± 2.7b

Serum osmolarity (mOsm/kg H2O)

295 ± 2.59b

315 ± 2.28a

290 ± 2.25c

299 ± 2.94b

Kidney weight (g)

1.98 ± 0.12

1.98 ± 0.07

1.93 ± 0.09

1.98 ± 0.07

Kidney malondialdehyde levels (nmol/mg protein)

3.8 ± 0.6b

5.6 ± 0.9a

2.4 ± 0.4c

4.0 ± 0.7b

Kidney Cu/Zn SOD expression (fold increase of the control)

1.0 ± 0.07b

1.53 ± 0.18a

0.98 ± 0.15b

1.07 ± 0.15b

Kidney GSH-Px expression (fold increase of the control)

1.0 ± 0.06b

1.47 ± 0.16a

1.01 ± 0.17b

1.06 ± 0.16b

Kidney TNF-α levels (pg/mg protein)

8.3 ± 1.1b

15.4 ± 2.6a

5.2 ± 0.9c

8.9 ± 1.3b

Kidney TNF-α expression (fold increase of the control)

1.0 ± 0.07b

2.14 ± 0.39a

0.77 ± 0.10c

1.03 ± 0.12b

Kidney IL-1β expression (fold increase of the control)

1.0 ± 0.06b

1.87 ± 0.28a

0.71 ± 0.09c

1.05 ± 0.13b

  1. Female rats had the following regime for 6-week ad libitum supply of water and food (normal-control), water supply for 1 h per day with ad libitum food intake (WRFA), and ad libitum water supply plus pair feeding of food as much as WRFA (WAFR). Rats in WR-WA had water restriction for 3 weeks and ad libitum water supply with ad libitum food intake for 3 weeks. Values represent mean ± SD (n = 10)
  2. a, b, cDifferent letters besides mean ± SD indicate significant differences among the groups at p < 0.05