Fig. 3

Effects of xanthoceraside on synaptic deterioration and synapse-associated proteins in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. a Representative transmission electron microscopic images of synaptic structures. A1: control group; B1: model group; C1: Xanthoceraside 0.02 mg/kg group; D1: Xanthoceraside 0.08 mg/kg group; E1: Xanthoceraside 0.32 mg/kg group; F1: Donepezil 1.3 mg/kg group (n = 2, ×40,000). b, c Western blots and quantification analysis of SYP and PSD95 expression in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 4). ^##p < 0.01 versus the control group; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 versus the model group