Fig. 1

The effect of Epac1 deficiency on bFGF-induced VSMC migration. A Analyses of VSMC migration under stimulation with bFGF (10 ng/ml) for 8 h. Trajectories of VSMC migration from the origin (center of the graphs) to the endpoint. We performed three independent experiments (Epac1^+/+-VSMCs, n = 20, 71, and 55; Epac1^−/−-VSMCs, n = 23, 40, and 64) and found similar results among experiments. The sum of all data is shown (Epac1^+/+-VSMCs, n = 146; Epac1^−/−-VSMCs, n = 127). B Quantification of total path length of VSMCs. Data were obtained from three independent experiments (Control Epac1^+/+-VSMCs, n = 61, 135, and 65; Epac1^+/+-VSMCs treated with bFGF, n = 73, 129, and 46; Control Epac1^−/−-VSMCs, n = 26, 126, and 41; Epac1^−/−-VSMCs treated with bFGF, n = 40, 105, and 21). Statistical analysis using a two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test indicated that all experiments had statistically similar results. The sum of all data is shown (Control Epac1^+/+-VSMCs, n = 261; Epac1^+/+-VSMCs treated with bFGF, n = 248; Control Epac1^−/−-VSMCs, n = 193; Epac1^−/−-VSMCs treated with bFGF, n = 166). ***p < 0.0001. NS indicates not significant. C Quantifications of FGFR1 protein expression in unstimulated VSMCs by western blotting. n = 5. NS indicates not significant