Fig. 3
From: Lumped parameter model for hemodynamic simulation of congenital heart diseases
Electrical analogs of cardiovascular systems of a normal heart, b Fontan circulation, c patient with atrial septal defect (ASD), and d patient with ventricular septal defect (VSD). LA left atrium, LV left ventricle, RA right atrium, RV right ventricle, SA single atrium, SV single ventricle, MV mitral valve, TV tricuspid valve, AV aortic valve, PV pulmonary valve, AVV atrioventricular valve. R CS, R AS, and R VS denote systemic characteristic impedance, arterial resistance, and venous resistance, respectively. R CP, R AP, and R VP denote pulmonary characteristic impedance, arterial resistance, and venous resistance, respectively. C AS and C VS denote pulmonary arterial and venous capacitances, respectively. C AP and C VP denote pulmonary arterial and venous capacitances, respectively. R ASD and R VSD denote the resistances across ASD and VSD, respectively