Fig. 1

Schema of major molecular components of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). (Left) a cartoon of whole v-ATPase. ATP hydrolysis is shown at the peripheral V1 domain composed of A, B, C, and other components. The downhill movement of protons is shown in the V0 sector (a, c, d and other components). (Right) six c subunits in the V0 transmembrane sector of the vacuolar proton ATPase. Redrawn from Forgac and his colleages [37, 38]