Fig. 3
From: Mechanisms of astrocytic K+ clearance and swelling under high extracellular K+ concentrations
Simulated effects of high [K+]out on astrocytes. a The simulated effects of high [K+]out on the astrocyte model: 20 mM K+ was applied to all membranes of the astrocyte model for 10 min as shown in the protocol of applied [K+]out (row 1). Simulated cell volume changes (row 2), water flux through membranes (row 3), and intracellular ion concentrations (i.e. [Na+]in, [K+]in, [Cl−]in) (row 4) are shown. Positive values in row 3 correspond to an influx of water, and b the simulated effects of different [K+]out levels on the astrocyte model: the effects of various [K+]out levels (3–20 mM) were calculated at the end of 10-min sessions; the results are shown for cell volume (row 1), water flux (row 2), and intracellular ion concentration (row 3)