Fig. 3
Evaluation of left ventricular (LV) function by end-systolic pressure–volume relation (ESPVR) using pressure–volume (P–V) measurements. Enveloping curve of end-systolic pressure at end-systolic volume (ESP ESV ) data of several P–V loops during aortic gradual occlusion (gradually increasing afterload) corresponds to ESPVR. SV stroke volume, ESV end-systolic volume, EDV end-diastolic volume, Ea effective arterial elastance. mLVV midrange LV volume, V 0 LV volume intercept, ESP mLVV end-systolic pressure at mLVV, PVA mLVV systolic pressure–volume area at mLVV